Publication Date:
09/09/2021
Type:
Journal article
Development of weight and age-based dosing of daily primaquine for radical cure of vivax malaria
Author(s): Walter Robert Taylor, Richard M. Hoglund, Pimnara Peerawaranun, Thuy Nhien Nguyen, Tran Tinh Hien, Arnaud Tarantola, Lorenz von Seidlein, Rupam Tripura, Thomas J. Peto, Arjen M. Dondorp, Jordi Landier, Francois H. Nosten, Frank Smithuis, Koukeo Phommasone, Mayfong Mayxay, Soy Ty Kheang, Chy Say, Kak Neeraj, Leang Rithea, Lek Dysoley, Sim Kheng, Sinoun Muth, Arantxa Roca Feltrer, Mark Debackere, Rick M. Fairhurst, Ngak Song, Philippe Buchy, Didier Menard, Nicholas J. White, Joel Tarning, Mavuto Mukaka
Publication Date:09/09/2021
Type:
Journal article
Background
In many endemic areas, Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) malaria is predominantly a disease of young adults and children. International recommendations for radical cure recommend fixed target doses of 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg/day of primaquine for 14 days in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase normal patients of all ages. However, for many anti-malarial drugs, including primaquine, there is evidence that children have lower exposures than adults for the same weight-adjusted dose. The aim of the study was to develop 14-day weight-based and age-based primaquine regimens against high-frequency relapsing tropical P. vivax.
Methods
The recommended adult target dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day (30 mg in a 60 kg patient) is highly efcacious against tropical P. vivax and was assumed to produce optimal drug exposure. Primaquine doses were calculated using allometric scaling to derive a weight-based primaquine regimen over a weight range from 5 to 100 kg. Growth curves were constructed from an anthropometric database of 53,467 individuals from the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) to defne weight-for-age relationships. The median age associated with each weight was used to derive an age-based dosing regimen from the weight-based regimen.
Results
The proposed weight-based regimen has five dosing bands: (i) 5–7 kg, 5 mg, resulting in 0.71–1.0 mg/kg/day; (ii) 8–16 kg, 7.5 mg, 0.47–0.94 mg/kg/day; (iii) 17–40 kg, 15 mg, 0.38–0.88 mg/kg/day; (iv) 41–80 kg, 30 mg, 0.37–0.73 mg/kg/day; and (v) 81–100 kg, 45 mg, 0.45–0.56 mg/kg/day. The corresponding age-based regimen had four dosing bands: 6–11 months, 5 mg, 0.43–1.0 mg/kg/day; (ii) 1–5 years, 7.5 mg, 0.35–1.25 mg/kg/day; (iii) 6–14 years, 15 mg, 0.30–1.36 mg/kg/day; and (iv)≥15 years, 30 mg, 0.35–1.07 mg/kg/day.
Conclusion
The proposed weight-based regimen showed less variability around the primaquine dose within each dosing band compared to the age-based regimen and is preferred. Increased dose accuracy could be achieved by additional dosing bands for both regimens. The age-based regimen might not be applicable to regions outside the GMS, which must be based on local anthropometric data. Pharmacokinetic data in small children are needed urgently to inform the proposed regimens.
Published in Malaria Journal
Keywords: Research | Child and maternal health | Malaria | Treatment | SDG3
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